Anatomy: Lower Limb Muscles

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1. Gluteus maximus: action and nerve?

   Main extensor and lateral rotator of the hip; inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

2. Gluteus maximus: origin and insertion?

   Origin: ilium behind posterior gluteal line, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament. Insertion: iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity

3. Gluteus medius and minimus: action and nerve?

   Abduct and medially rotate the thigh; stabilize the pelvis in walking; superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

4. What sign indicates superior gluteal nerve damage?

   Trendelenburg sign: pelvis drops on the unsupported side when standing on the affected leg

5. Tensor fasciae latae: action and nerve?

   Tenses the iliotibial tract, assists abduction and flexion; superior gluteal nerve

6. Piriformis: action, nerve and importance?

   Lateral rotator of the extended hip; nerve to piriformis (S1–S2). Landmark of the gluteal region; sciatic nerve usually exits below it

7. Which muscles are the lateral rotators of the hip?

   Piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli superior and inferior, quadratus femoris, obturator externus

8. Which three muscles form the iliopsoas?

   Psoas major, psoas minor (absent in many), and iliacus

9. Iliopsoas: action and nerve?

   Chief flexor of the hip; femoral nerve (iliacus) and anterior rami L1–L3 (psoas)

10. Where does the iliopsoas insert?

    Lesser trochanter of the femur

11. Which muscles form the quadriceps femoris?

    Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

12. Quadriceps: nerve and action?

    Femoral nerve (L2–L4); extends the knee (rectus femoris also flexes the hip)